Have you ever heard of fat mass index (FMI)?
Probably not. Most people haven’t.
But you should be aware of it because it can give you a more reliable indicator of your relative fat content.
What is fat mass index?
Fat mass index is a simple indicator of how much fat weight you have relative to your own height.
The good thing about fat mass index is that it doesn’t penalise you for having lots of muscle (good news for well-muscled fit people!).
If used in conjunction with other clinical biomarkers (like blood pressure, blood sugar, lipids, waist circumference, etc), fat mass index can also help identify health risks for developing diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
If you have a thyroid condition, this can impact your hormone levels and, consequently, your body composition (see your doctor).
How is fat mass index calculated?
Fat mass index is calculated by dividing your fat weight in kilograms by your height in metres squared.
Notice how this differs from body mass index. BMI considers your TOTAL weight on the “meat scale” relative to height.
Fat mass index, on the other hand, looks at just the fat portion of that total body weight.
Therefore, your fat mass index will be a much smaller number than BMI.
Imperial to metric conversion factors
If you live in one of the three countries that still use imperial measure (United States, Liberia, and Myanmar), then you might be looking at metric like a deer in the headlights.
If so, here are the conversions to help you get in line with the rest of the civilised world.
By the way, I’m from the US but live overseas, so I’m aware metric can be confusing if you’ve never had to use it.
It is, however, quite simple because it works in multiples of 10 and is used as a standard measure across all sciences. Sorry imperial measure!
Weight conversions
1 pound = 0.454 kg
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
So if your fat weight is 30 pounds, divide it by 2.2 to get your weight in kilograms:
30 / 2.2 = 13.63 kg
Height conversions
1 inch = 0.0254 metres
So if you are 70 inches in height, multiply it by 0.0254 to get your height in metres:
70 inches x 0.0254 = 1.78 metres
Once you have your fat weight and height in metric units, then you can proceed with the FMI calculation.
Here’s a sample FMI calculation:
Your fat weight = 10 kg (22 pounds)
Your height = 1.72 m (5’6″ feet)
Step 1: multiply your height by itself (so 1.72 x 1.72 = 2.96)
Step 2: divide your fat weight (10 kg) by 2.96
Step 3: FMI = 10 / 2.96 = 3.38 kg/m2
FMI vs BMI: the tyranny of numbers
Before we dig further into fat mass index, let’s set the scene by giving a quick rundown of body mass index (BMI).
The formula for BMI is your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres squared (kg/m2).
Body mass index has lots of enemies because it does not account for body composition.
This poses a problem for some people because, if you have a lot of muscle (i.e., bodybuilders), it can classify you “overweight” or “obese,” even if you’re low in body fat.
When talking to clients, I find many of them tend to zero in on body fat percentage as the end-all-be-all holy grail of health.
Unfortunately, body fat percentage can be just as misleading as body mass index because it is dependent upon your fat-free mass (i.e, muscle and bone).
If you’re low in muscle, then this artificially inflates your percentage of body fat even though you have a low or normal amount of fat in kilograms (what is commonly known as “skinny fat.”).
Enter fat mass index to the rescue.
Fat mass index has the advantage over body fat percentage and body mass index because it is not influenced by fat free mass.
It is, however, influenced by height so depending on if you are very tall or very short, this could plausibly influence your result.
To demonstrate how BMI misses the mark and FMI puts us back on track, let’s refer to the example above and quickly calculate a body mass index based on a total body weight of 100 kg (220 pounds) and the same height of 1.72 metres (or 2.96 metres squared).
BMI = 100 kg / 2.96 = 33.78 kg/m2
So what we see here is that, of your total BMI of 33.78, only 3.38 of that comes from body fat (based on the earlier sample calculation).
So this person would be considered “obese” by BMI standards but in actual fact the person is very low in fat relative to height.
Is body mass index reliable?
While it might seem like I’m bashing body mass index, I think it’s important to point out that it’s not completely worthless and must be put into context.
- First, when we use BMI in population studies where we measure the height and weight of, say, 100,000 people, it is true that a population with a higher BMI is at higher risk of health problems. The effect of high BMIs from bodybuilders in the sample would likely be washed out by the large sample size.
- Second, body mass index should not be used as a stand-alone health indicator. It must be corroborated by other health biomarkers such as body composition, central obesity measures, blood sugars, blood lipids, blood pressure, etc.
- Third, a person could carry a bit of body fat, have an elevated body mass index, yet be very athletically fit from regular exercise. In other words, this person could be metabolically fit on the inside from the conditioning effects from exercise.
Fat mass index in pictures
The image below gives a side by side comparison of two people each with low body fat, but one has low muscle and the other is high in muscle.
The “skinny fat” person on the left might have a high body fat percentage would be considered underweight as per BMI.
The person on the right is low in fat mass but high in muscle mass and would be considered “obese” as per BMI (clearly a false positive).
In both cases, their fat mass index would be low based on their actual fat weight.
*For more on healthy body fat levels, have a read of my article: How much body fat should I have?
What is a normal fat mass index?
To give you a practical understanding of fat mass index, let’s put it into perspective with some normative values.
In a Swiss study of 5635 participants, percentile values for fat mass index were determined for men and women aged 18 to 98.
For the purpose of this article, I have extracted the 25th and 75th percentile data since this casts a wide enough net to see where most people tend to gravitate.
FMI chart (women)
Age | 25th Percentile (kg/m2) | 75th Percentile (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|
18 – 34 | 4.6 | 6.6 |
35 – 54 | 4.8 | 7.3 |
55 – 74 | 6.5 | 10.3 |
75+ | 7.5 | 11.4 |
FMI chart (men)
Age | 25th Percentile (kg/m2) | 75th Percentile (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|
18 – 34 | 3.2 | 5.0 |
35 – 54 | 3.7 | 6.0 |
55 – 74 | 4.3 | 7.2 |
75+ | 5.2 | 7.6 |
Source: Schutz et al. International Journal of Obesity (2002) 26: 953–960
So what do fat mass index numbers mean in practical terms?
Example 1
Let’s say you’re a 40-year old man and your fat mass index is 3.7. This would put you at the 25th percentile.
Translated to plain English, this means that 25% of people have LESS fat weight than you relative to height and 75% of people have MORE fat weight than you relative to height.
Example 2
If you’re a 55-year old woman and your fat mass index is 10.3, then this means that you have more fat weight relative to height than 75% of other women, and 25% of other women have more fat weight relative to height than you do.
Measuring fat weight?
In order to calculate your fat mass index, you first need to find out how many kilograms of fat you have in your body.
I recommend getting a DEXA scan, as it is now a much more accessible and inexpensive technology that can give you a more accurate measurement of your fat mass and lean mass than methods like bioimpedance analysis (BIA) or skinfold calipers (the skin pinch test you see in gyms).
Results from BIA are subject to fluctuations in body water and skinfold calipers are notoriously prone to tester error (i.e., poor technique).
That’s it. Once you have your fat weight in kilos, then it’s just a simple case of plugging your number into the fat mass index formula above.
Take home message
Fat mass index is slowly gaining momentum in the health field as a valuable biomarker.
It addresses the limitations presented by BMI and body fat percent and, when used in conjunction with other health indicators, can provide a greater understanding of your individual level of health and fitness.
Recommended Reading
Schutz, Y, Kyle, UUG, Pichard, C. Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18–98 y. International Journal of Obesity (2002) 26, 953 – 960. doi:10.1038=sj.ijo.0802037 (link)
Peltz, G., et al. The role of fat mass index in determining obesity. Am J Hum Biol. 2010 Sep-Oct; 22(5): 639–647. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21056 (link)
More on health body fat levels from this website: How much body fat should I have?
Rodney
Friday 8th of March 2024
Hi Dr Sukala:
[This may be a repeat message since my other message got sent before I had finished editing it.]
Here is a question for you: I am 82 and far healthier than average: (I have a carotid IMT test result of 0•5 for example). But my BF% data point is at a far EXTREME of any BF%/BMI scatter diagram. I weigh 160 pounds, height of 5’10•6”, giving a BMI of 22•6, which sounds good. But according to BIA, my BF% is 20•3%. Some people with a BMI like mine, at the other end of the scatter range, have a BF% of 4%! And I am not non-muscular!
So the question is: for optimal health, WHICH VARIABLE should I use to gauge my appropriate body fat content? (Presumably FMI?). And WHAT VALUE of that variable should I aim at?
And I have more questions: if I need to drop my FMI from its current 4•65 - as my high BF% suggests - how low would my weight need to go to drop it to an optimal FMI? And if I were to do that, which nonfat component of my body composition would have to RISE so the numbers in total would still add up to 100%? Presumably, carrying around a smaller load, my weight of muscle, bone and water would FALL!!!
As of today I know of no health issue that might end up to be terminal. So I am keen to take all steps to remain as healthy as possible.
Thoughts will be appreciated. Thanks.
Rodney.
Dr Bill Sukala
Monday 20th of May 2024
Hi Rodney, I would not rely on BIA for body composition, especially if it's being done at a gym. I'd look around your area and see if you can get a DEXA scan done to get a better indication lean and fat weight. This will provide you with much more reliable information that will put you in the right direction. Looking at your IP address, it looks like you're based around Alberta, Canada. If you go to Google and type in: "dexa scan in alberta canada" you will find a number of service providers.
The other thing to consider is that, body composition numbers aside, if you are feeling and looking good and all your blood work is looking great, then that is far more important than stressing over the minutia of body fat percentages.
Kind regards Bill
Anne
Saturday 5th of January 2019
Hi Bill. I’ve recently come across your articles and I appreciate how they cut through the media bull***t and are backed-up by peer reviewed papers. I’m recovering from Binge Eating Disorder having yo-yo’d many times on diets. My specialists speak a lot about HAES (Healthy at Every Size). Can you explain a little more about being metabolically fit? I’m not sure if this is what HAES is meaning for all bodies (sizes) to be healthy. Thanks.
Dr Bill Sukala
Thursday 10th of January 2019
Hi Anne, In answer to your question, 'metabolically fit' refers to the idea that you can still carry a bit of body fat and yet be healthy on the inside. We know that regular exercise, for example, has health promoting effects on the body's physiology and biochemistry and can contribute to lowering your blood sugar or blood pressure, even if you carry a bit of body fat. Yes, extreme obesity can have serious health consequences and it's advisable to bring down body weight for those reasons. But for people who weigh a little more than the so-called "normal" range or do not fit into the grossly distorted media or advertising "ideal" of body weight, we know that you can still be healthy on the inside if you're getting regular exercise and eating well. I personally would like to see perceptions change, but it's hard when the social media cesspool of junk information continues to contaminate our views and confound evidence-based information (which is that you can be healthy even if you carry some body fat). Sure, there will always be attention-seeking idiot "health coaches" out there who will say "no, HAES is just an apologist for obesity, blah blah blah" but I'd recommend ignoring them and focusing first on your health and then, as a byproduct, if you lose some body fat and it stays off, then even better. I can't tell you how many women there are out there who, outwardly, "look healthy" in their Instagram feeds but on the inside, their bodies are starving and they're wrestling some pretty serious psychological issues (I used to run DEXA scans in Bondi Junction and had a lot of these women come in with serious eating disorders). So anyway, try not to fall victim to the fantasy world that social media portrays and stick to actually BEING healthy on the inside. Hope this helps. Kind regards, Bill
Eugene
Friday 12th of October 2018
HEY! This is the U.S.A., why are you giving us all this stuff in Kilograms etc?
Dr Bill Sukala
Friday 12th of October 2018
Thanks for your comment. Science works in metric, but as a gesture of good faith, I have amended the article to accommodate those who are only familiar with the imperial system of measure (A foot? Whose foot anyway?!). Here is the update I've included:
Imperial to metric conversion factorsIf you live in one of the three countries that still use imperial measure (United States, Liberia, and Myanmar), then you might be looking at metric like a deer in the headlights. If so, here are the conversions to help you get in line with the rest of the civilised world. By the way, I'm from the US but live overseas, so I'm aware metric can be confusing if you've never had to use it. It is, however, quite simple because it works in multiples of 10 and is used as a standard measure across all sciences. Sorry imperial measure!
Weight conversions1 pound = 0.454 kg 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
So if your fat weight is 30 pounds, divide it by 2.2 to get your weight in kilograms: 30 / 2.2 = 13.63 kg
Height conversions1 inch = 0.0254 metres
So if you are 70 inches in height, multiply it by 0.0254 to get your height in metres: 70 inches x 0.0254 = 1.78 metres
Once you have your fat weight and height in metric units, then you can proceed with the FMI calculation.